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Legal Term of the Day

Forum Shopping

The unethical practice of deliberately choosing a specific court, judge, or jurisdiction where a litigant believes they are most likely to receive a favorable verdict, rather than filing the suit in the appropriate or natural forum. The Supreme Court of India strongly deprecates forum shopping, viewing it as an abuse of the judicial process.

Usage: The High Court dismissed the petition with heavy costs, noting that the petitioner had engaged in forum shopping by filing multiple identical writs across different benches.

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CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

The Constitution of India is the supreme law determining the nation's political framework, government structures, powers, and citizens' fundamental rights.

INDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1872

The Indian Contract Act, 1872 is the foundational legal framework governing mercantile and business transactions in India. It codifies the legal principles that dictate how agreements are made, executed, and enforced between private parties.

BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA , 2023

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) is the official penal code of India. It repealed and replaced the 163-year-old British-era Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, coming into full legal effect across the country on July 1, 2024. The BNS streamlines criminal law by reducing the number of sections from 511 (under the IPC) to 358 sections, while introducing modern provisions to handle contemporary crimes.

BHARATIYA NAGRIK SURAKSHA SANHITA, 2023

The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS)—often referred to as the Bharatiya Nyaya Suraksha Sanhita—is the primary procedural law governing the administration of criminal justice in India. It replaced the British-era Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, and came into full legal effect on July 1, 2024. While the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) defines offenses and punishments, the BNSS outlines the actual process: how investigations are conducted, how arrests are made, how bail is granted, and how trials are run. It contains 531 sections (up from 484 in the CrPC).

BHARATIYA SAKSHYA ADHINIYAM, 2023

The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA) is the primary statutory framework regulating the admissibility, relevance, and weight of evidence in Indian courts. It repealed and replaced the British-era Indian Evidence Act, 1872, coming into full legal effect across India on July 1, 2024. While the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) defines crimes and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) dictates the procedural investigation, the BSA determines what facts can be proved before a judge and how they must be presented. It contains 170 sections (down from 167 in the old Evidence Act)

CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, 1908

The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC) is the foundational procedural law that regulates the administration, machinery, and conduct of all civil litigation and disputes in India. Unlike substantive laws which define rights and liabilities (like the Contract Act or Transfer of Property Act), the CPC provides the step-by-step mechanism to enforce those rights in a court of law.

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